Hysteresis in the complex nonlinear refractive index of a homogeneous and isotropic medium

We calculate the permittivity, $ε(ω)$, for a medium with a quadratic electro-optic effect, modeling it as a Duffing oscillator. The nonlinear refractive index $n(ω, E(ω))$ and the nonlinear absorption coefficient $α(ω, E(ω))$ exhibit hysteresis when the light intensity is varied [here $E(ω)$ is the electric field strength at angular frequency $ω$], and when the light frequency is varied. $n(ω, E(ω))$ can be negative when the resonances in the permittivity and permeability are close to one another.

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