Hasse invariants and mod $p$ solutions of $A$-hypergeometric systems

Igusa noted that the Hasse invariant of the Legendre family of elliptic curves over a finite field of odd characteristic is a solution mod $p$ of a Gaussian hypergeometric equation. We show that any family of exponential sums over a finite field has a Hasse invariant which is a sum of products of mod $p$ solutions of $A$-hypergeometric systems.

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