Good Wannier bases in Hilbert modules associated to topological insulators

For a large class of physically relevant operators on a manifold with discrete group action, we prove general results on the (non-)existence of a basis of smooth well-localised Wannier functions for their spectral subspaces. This turns out to be equivalent to the freeness of a certain Hilbert module over the group $C^*$-algebra canonically associated to the spectral subspace. This brings into play $K$-theoretic methods and justifies their importance as invariants of topological insulators in physics.

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