Geometric quantities arising from bubbling analysis of mean field equations

Let $E = \Bbb C/Λ$ be a flat torus and $G$ be its Green function with singularity at $0$. Consider the multiple Green function $G_n$ on $E^n$: $G_{n}(z_1,\cdots,z_n) := \sum_{i < j} G(z_{i} - z_{j}) - n \sum_{i = 1} ^{n} G(z_{i}).$ A critical point $a = (a_1, \cdots, a_n)$ of $G_n$ is called trivial if $\{a_1, \cdots, a_n\} = \{-a_1, \cdots, -a_n\}$. For such a point $a$, two geometric quantities $D(a)$ and $H(a)$ arising from bubbling analysis of mean field equations are introduced. $D(a)$ is a global quantity measuring asymptotic expansion and $H(a)$ is the Hessian of $G_n$ at $a$. By way of geometry of Lamé curves developed in our previous paper (Cambridge J. Math 3, 2015), we derive precise formulas to relate these two quantities.

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