Forcing-dependent stability of steady states in a turbulent swirling flow

We study the influence of the forcing on the steady turbulent states of a von Kármán swirling flow, at constant impeller speed, or at constant torque. We find that the different forcing conditions change the nature of the stability of the steady states and reveal dynamical regimes that bear similarities with low-dimensional systems. We suggest that this forcing dependence may be an out- of-equilibrium analogue of the ensemble inequivalence, valid for long-range interacting statistical systems, and that it may be applicable to other turbulent systems.

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