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Flow Equations for the Ionic Hubbard Model

Taking the site-diagonal terms of the one-dimensional ionic Hubbard model (IHM) as $H_0$, we employ Continuous Unitary Transformations (CUT) to obtain a "classical" effective Hamiltonian in which hopping term has been integrated out. For this Hamiltonian spin gap and charge gap are calculated at half-filling and subject to periodic boundary conditions. Our calculations indicate two transition points. In fixed $Δ$, as $U$ increases from zero, there is a region in which both spin gap and charge gap are positive and identical; characteristic of band insulators. Upon further increasing $U$, first transition occurs at $U=U_{c_{1}}$, where spin and charge gaps both vanish and remain zero up to $U=U_{c_{2}}$. A gap-less state in charge and spin sectors characterizes a metal. For $U>U_{c_{2}}$ spin gap remains zero and charge gap becomes positive. This third region corresponds to a Mott insulator in which charge excitations are gaped, while spin excitations remain gap-less.