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Femtosecond laser micromachining of diamond: current research status, applications and challenges

Ultra-fast femtosecond (fs) lasers provide a unique technological opportunity to precisely and efficiently micromachine materials with minimal thermal damage owing to the reduced heat transfer into the bulk of the work material offered by short pulse duration, high laser intensity and focused optical energy delivered on a timescale shorter than the rate of thermal diffusion into the surrounding area of a beam foci. There is an increasing demand to further develop the fs machining technology to improve the machining quality, minimize the total machining time and increase the flexibility of machining complex patterns on diamond. This article offers an overview of recent research findings on the application of fs laser technology to micromachine diamond. The laser technology to precisely micromachine diamond is discussed and detailed, with a focus on the use of fs laser irradiation systems and their characteristics, laser interaction with various types of diamonds, processing and the subsequent post-processing of the irradiated samples and, appropriate sample characterisation methods. Finally, the current and emerging application areas are discussed, and the challenges and the future research prospects in the fs laser micromachining field are also identified.