Paper detail

Extension of the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem

Lieb, Schultz and Mattis (LSM) studied the S=1/2 XXZ spin chain. Theorems of LSM's paper can be applied to broader models. In the original LSM theorem it was assumed the nonfrustrating system. However, reconsidering the LSM theorem, we can extend the LSM theorem for frustrating systems. Next, several researchers have tried to extend the LSM theorem for excited states. In the cases $S^{z}_{T} = \pm 1,\pm 2 \cdots$, the lowest energy eigenvalues are continuous for wave number $q$. But we find that their proofs are insufficient, and we improve them. In addition, we can prove the LSM theory without the assumption of the discrete symmetry, which means that the LSM type theorems are applicable for Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya type interactions or other nonsymmetric models.