Paper detail

Excitation function of initial temperature of heavy flavor quarkonium emission source in high energy collisions

The transverse momentum spectra of $J/ψ$, $ψ(2S)$, and $Υ(nS, n=1,2,3)$ produced in proton-proton ($p$+$p$), proton-antiproton ($p$+$\bar{p}$), proton-lead ($p$+Pb), gold-gold (Au+Au), and lead-lead (Pb+Pb) collisions over a wide energy range are analyzed by the (two-component) Erlang distribution, the Hagedorn function (the inverse power-law), and the Tsallis-Levy function. The initial temperature is obtained from the color string percolation model due to the fit by the (two-component) Erlang distribution in the framework of multisource thermal model. The excitation functions of some parameters such as the mean transverse momentum and initial temperature increase from dozens of GeV to above 10 TeV. The mean transverse momentum and initial temperature decrease (increase slightly or do not change obviously) with the increase of rapidity (centrality). Meanwhile, the mean transverse momentum of $Υ(nS, n=1,2,3)$ is larger than that of $J/ψ$ and $ψ(2S)$, and the initial temperature for $Υ(nS, n=1,2,3)$ emission is higher than that for $J/ψ$ and $ψ(2S)$ emission, which shows a mass-dependent behavior.