Exact multiplicity of solutions for some semilinear Dirichlet problems

The classical result of A. Ambrosetti and G. Prodi [1], in the form of M.S. Berger and E. Podolak [4], gives the exact number of solutions for the problem \[ Δu+g(u)= μϕ_1(x)+e(x) \;\; \mbox{in $D$} , \;\; u=0 \;\; \mbox{on $\partial D$} \,, \] depending on the real parameter $μ$, for a class of convex $g(u)$, and $\int _D e(x) ϕ_1(x)\, dx=0$ (where $ϕ_1(x)>0$ is the principal eigenfunction of the Laplacian on $D$, and $D \subset R^n$ is a smooth domain). By considering generalized harmonics, we give a similar result for the problem \[ Δu+g(u)= μf(x) \;\; \mbox{in $D$} , \;\; u=0 \;\; \mbox{on $\partial D$} \,, \] with $f(x)>0$. Such problems occur, for example, in "fishing" applications that we discuss, and propose a new model. Our approach also produces a very simple proof of the anti-maximum principle of Ph. Clément and L.A. Peletier [5].

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