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Equivalent Polyadic Decompositions of Matrix Multiplication Tensors

Invariance transformations of polyadic decompositions of matrix multiplication tensors define an equivalence relation on the set of such decompositions. In this paper, we present an algorithm to efficiently decide whether two polyadic decompositions of a given matrix multiplication tensor are equivalent. With this algorithm, we analyze the equivalence classes of decompositions of several matrix multiplication tensors. This analysis is relevant for the study of fast matrix multiplication as it relates to the question of how many essentially different fast matrix multiplication algorithms there exist. This question has been first studied by de~Groote, who showed that for the multiplication of $2\times2$ matrices with $7$ active multiplications, all algorithms are essentially equivalent to Strassen's algorithm. In contrast, the results of our analysis show that for the multiplication of larger matrices, (e.g., $2\times3$ by $3\times2$ or $3\times3$ by $3\times3$ matrices), two decompositions are very likely to be essentially different. We further provide a necessary criterion for a polyadic decomposition to be equivalent to a polyadic decomposition with integer entries. Decompositions with specific integer entries, e.g., powers of two, provide fast matrix multiplication algorithms with better efficiency and stability properties. This condition can be tested algorithmically and we present the conclusions obtained for the decompositions of small/medium matrix multiplication tensors.