Effects of finite nucleon size, vacuum polarization, and electromagnetic spin-orbit interaction on nuclear binding energies and radii in spherical nuclei

The electromagnetic effects of the finite size of the nucleon are implemented self-consistently on top of the Skyrme Hartree-Fock calculation, where the electric form factors of both protons and neutrons are considered. Furthermore, the vacuum polarization and the electromagnetic spin-orbit interaction are taken into account. The self-consistent finite-size effects give a different Coulomb potential from the conventional one and affect the neutrons as well. The contribution of the finite-size effects to the total energy reaches $7 \, \mathrm{MeV}$ in ${}^{208} \mathrm{Pb}$. The vacuum polarization and the electromagnetic spin-orbit interaction are also non-negligible, especially in the heavy nuclei. These effects provide a comparable contribution of the total energy to that of the isospin symmetry-breaking terms of the nuclear interaction. The mirror nuclei mass difference in ${}^{48} \mathrm{Ca}$--${}^{48} \mathrm{Ni}$ is also studied, and its value is improved by approximately one order of magnitude.

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