Paper detail

Dynamical nonlinear higher-order non-Hermitian skin effects and topological trap-skin phase

We study nonreciprocal nonlinear Schrödinger systems. As a prototype we analyze the Hatano-Nelson model together with a typical nonlinear term introduced and its generalization to two dimensions. We employ the quench dynamics, where a pulse is given to one site and its time evolution is analyzed. It is found that the skin state is always formed due to the nonreciprocal hopping and hence that the system is topological. However, the structure of the skin state is essentially modified by the nonlinear interaction because it favors a self-trapping. Four typically different states emerge as an interplay between these two interactions, depending how the pulse is trapped to the initial site. They are the skin, trap-skin, shifted-trap-skin and embedded-trap-skin states, forming four phases in the one-dimensional model. The phase boundary is determined by a gap in terms of certain phase indicators. On the other hand, we find three phases with the shifted-trap-skin phase being absent in the two-dimensional model.