Paper detail

Dual representation for massless fermions with chemical potential and U(1) gauge fields

Complex action problems coming from either a chemical potential or a topological term have been solved for several models in recent years by mapping them to so-called dual degrees of freedom. In terms of these dual variables the partition sum has only real and positive contributions such that a Monte Carlo simulation is possible. In this paper we discuss a dual representation for massless staggered fermions in two dimensions coupled to a U(1) gauge field. We include a topological term, and for the case of several flavors with vanishing total charge also a chemical potential. We show that the real and positive dualization can also be generalized to a system of nanowires (1+1 dimensional fermions) coupled to a 3+1 dimensional U(1) gauge field.