Paper detail

Conditions of naturalness and fine-tunings for type-I seesaw mechanism with four-zero texture

In this paper, we search for conditions that the mass matrix of light neutrinos $m_ν$ is not a result of large cancellations for the type-I seesaw mechanism with four-zero texture. For the Yukawa matrix of neutrinos $Y_ν$ and heavy Majorana mass matrix $M_{R}$, these conditions are written as $(Y_ν)_{i2} \propto (m_ν)_{i2} \, \Rightarrow \, (Y_ν)_{i2} \propto (M_{R})_{i2}$. We call them {\it alignment} conditions because they align the certain rows or columns of the three neutrino mass matrices. If these conditions do not hold, the large mixing in $m_ν$ is a result of fine-tuning due to the cancellation of several terms. Then they are required from a viewpoint of naturalness. They give an explanation of the seesaw-invariance of four-zero texture, and place rough restrictions on flavor structures of neutrinos. Under these conditions, $Y_ν$ must have a cascade hierarchy. For $M_{R}$, the 12 submatrix has a similar hierarchy as $Y_ν$ and $m_ν$. However, the 23 submatrix has a waterfall hierarchy without some fine-tuning. Therefore, it is likely that $Y_ν$ and $M_{R}$ have qualitatively different flavor structures. Furthermore, since the conditions restrict CP phases of the matrix elements, they imply existence of a universal generalized CP symmetry in the neutrino sector.