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Combining time-dependent density functional theory and the $Δ$SCF approach for accurate core-electron spectra

Spectroscopies that probe electronic excitations from core levels into unoccupied orbitals, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, are widely used to gain insight into the electronic and chemical structure of materials. To support the interpretation of experimental spectra, we assess the performance of a first-principles approach that combines linear-response time-dependent density (TDDFT) functional theory with the $Δ$~self\nobreakdash-consistent field ($Δ$SCF) approach. In particular, we first use TDDFT to calculate the core-level spectrum and then shift the spectrum such that the lowest excitation energy from TDDFT agrees with that from $Δ$SCF. We apply this method to several small molecules and find encouraging agreement between calculated and measured spectra.