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Calculation of electron-ion temperature equilibration rates and friction coefficients in plasmas and liquid metals using quantum molecular dynamics

We discuss a method to calculate with quantum molecular dynamics simulations the rate of energy exchanges between electrons and ions in two-temperature plasmas, liquid metals and hot solids. Promising results from this method were recently reported for various materials and physical conditions [J. Simoni and J. Daligault, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 205001 (2019)]. Like other ab-initio calculations, the approach offers a very useful comparison with the experimental measurements and permits an extension into conditions not covered by the experiments. The energy relaxation rate is related to the friction coefficients felt by individual ions due to their non-adiabatic interactions with electrons. Each coefficient satisfies a Kubo relation given by the time integral of the autocorrelation function of the interaction force between an ion and the electrons. These Kubo relations are evaluated using the output of quantum molecular dynamics calculations in which electrons are treated in the framework of finite-temperature density functional theory. The calculation presents difficulties that are unlike those encountered with the Kubo formulas for the electrical and thermal conductivities. In particular, the widely used Kubo-Greenwood approximation is inapplicable here. Indeed, the friction coefficients and the energy relaxation rate diverge in this approximation since it does not properly account for the electronic screening of electron-ion interactions. The inclusion of screening effects considerably complicates the calculations. We discuss the physically-motivated approximations we applied to deal with these complications in order to investigate a widest range of materials and physical conditions.