Paper detail

Appearance of multiple stable load flow solutions under power flow reversal conditions

In complex power systems, nonlinear load flow equations have multiple solutions. Under typical load conditions only one solution is stable and corresponds to a normal operating point, whereas the second solution is not stable and is never realized in practice. However, in future distribution grids with high penetration of distributed generators more stable solutions may appear because of active or reactive power reversal. The systems can operate at different states, and additional control measures may be required to ensure that it remains at the appropriate point. This paper focuses on the analysis of several cases where multiple solution phenomena is observed. A non-iterative approach for solving load flow equations based on the Gröbner basis is introduced to overcome the convergence and computational efficiency associated with standard iterative approaches. All the solutions of load flow problems with their existence boundaries are analyzed for a simple 3-bus model. Furthermore, the stability of the solutions is analyzed using a derived aggregated load dynamics model, and suggestions for preventive control are proposed and discussed. The failure of naïve voltage stability criteria is demonstrated and new voltage stability criteria is proposed. Some of the new solutions of load flow equations are proved to be stable and/or acceptable to the EN 50610 voltage fluctuation standard.