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Anisotropy of π-plasmon Dispersion Relation of AA-stacked Graphite

The dispersion relation of the high energy optical π-plasmons of simple hexagonal intrinsic graphite was calculated within the self-consistent-field approximation. The plasmon frequency ω_p is determined as functions of the transferred momentum $q_{\parallel}$ along the hexagonal plane in the Brillouin zone and its perpendicular component $q_z$. These plasmons are isotropic within the plane in the long wavelength limit. As the in-plane transferred momentum is increased, the plasmon frequency strongly depends on its magnitude and direction (ϕ). With increasing angle, the dispersion relation within the hexagonal plane is gradually changed from quadratic to nearly linear form. There are many significant differences for the π-plasmon dispersion relations between 2D graphene and 3D AA-stacked graphite. They include $q_\parallel$- and ϕ-dependence and π-plasmon bandwidth. This result reveals that interlayer interaction could enhance anisotropy of in-plane π-plasmons. For chosen $\textbf{q}_\parallel$, we also obtain the plasmon frequency as a function of $q_z$ and show that there is an upper bound on $q_z$ for plasmons to exist in graphite. Additionally, the group velocity for plasmon propagation along the perpendicular direction may be positive or negative depending on the choice of $\textbf{q}_\parallel$. Consequently, the forward and backward propagation of π-plasmons in AA-stacked graphite in which the energy flow is respectively parallel or antiparallel to the transferred momentum, can be realized. The backward flowing resonance is an intrinsic property of AA-stacked graphite, arising from the energy band structure and the interlayer coupling.