A perturbative approach to self-phase modulation and self-steepening of short laser pulses propagating in nonlinear media

The solution of the wave equation in the envelope approximation with temporal corrections for a laser pulse propagating in a medium where the Kerr effect, field ionization, and associated absorption take place, is obtained through a first-order perturbative approach. The closed-form expressions so obtained clarify the influence of the various terms of the equation on the laser amplitude and on the frequency generation as a function of the retarded time. Furthermore, they allow extracting scaling parameters which size the nonlinear effects. The results are illustrated quantitatively on the case of a femtosecond pulse focused in the air with typical parameters.

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