Vol-Mark: A Watermark for 3D Medical Volume Data Via Cubic Difference Expansion and Contrastive Learning
Today, advances in medical technology extensively utilize 3D volume data for accurate and efficient diagnostics. However, sharing these data across networks in telemedicine poses significant security risks of data tampering and unauthorized copying. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel reversible-zero watermarking approach, termed Vol-Mark, for medical volume data to protect their ownership and authenticity in telemedicine. The proposed Vol-Mark method offers two key benefits: 1) it designs a volume data feature extractor that leverages contrastive learning to efficiently extract discriminative and stable volumetric features, ensuring robustness against 3D attacks; 2) it introduces the cubic difference expansion (c-DE) technique, which leverages the 3D integer wavelet transform to embed watermark bits into neighboring voxels within cubes at low-frequency coefficients. The voxel differences within each cube are expanded to create embedding space, and a majority voting mechanism is employed during extraction to enhance reliability. The embedding process incurs low distortion and supports lossless removal, thereby preserving the integrity and diagnostic accuracy of medical volume data. Through these two benefits, Vol-Mark enables both integrity verification and ownership verification. Integrity verification is first performed, and ownership verification through hypothesis testing is further conducted to enhance reliability, particularly under data tampering or watermark removal attacks. Comprehensive experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method and its superior robustness against conventional, geometric, and hybrid attacks on medical volume data. In particular, through multiple tasks evaluations, Vol-Mark consistently achieves an ACC above 0.90 in most attack scenarios, outperforming existing methods by a clear margin.