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Researcher profile

Nicholas G. Reich

Nicholas G. Reich contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

ResearcherAffiliation not importedOpen to collaborate
ApplicationsMethodologyArtificial IntelligenceMachine Learningstat.OT

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Published work

7 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

Beyond forecast leaderboards: Measuring individual model importance based on contribution to ensemble accuracy

Ensemble forecasts often outperform forecasts from individual standalone models, and have been used to support decision-making and policy planning in various fields. As collaborative forecasting efforts to create effective ensembles grow, so does interest in understanding individual models' relative importance in the ensemble. To this end, we propose two practical methods that measure the difference between ensemble performance when a given model is or is not included in the ensemble: a leave-one-model-out algorithm and a leave-all-subsets-of-models-out algorithm, which is based on the Shapley value. We explore the relationship between these metrics, forecast accuracy, and the similarity of errors, both analytically and through simulations. We illustrate this measure of the value a component model adds to an ensemble in the presence of other models using US COVID-19 death probabilistic forecasts. This study offers valuable insight into individual models' unique features within an ensemble, which standard accuracy metrics alone cannot reveal.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2026arXiv

Prospective multi-pathogen disease forecasting using autonomous LLM-guided tree search

Probabilistic forecasting of infectious diseases is crucial for public health but relies on labor-intensive manual model curation by expert modeling teams. This bespoke development bottlenecks scalability to granular geographic resolutions or emerging pathogens. Here, we present an autonomous system using Large Language Model (LLM)-guided tree search to iteratively generate, evaluate, and optimize executable forecasting software. In a fully prospective, real-time evaluation during the 2025-2026 US respiratory season, the system autonomously discovered methodologically diverse models for influenza, COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Aggregating these machine-generated models yielded an ensemble that consistently matched or outperformed the gold-standard, human-curated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hub ensembles out-of-sample. The system successfully navigated data-scarce "cold start" scenarios for RSV. Moreover, controlled retrospective ablations revealed that optimizing log-scale distance metrics prevents reward hacking, while an automated judge-in-the-loop ensures structural fidelity to complex scientific theories. By autonomously translating epidemiological theory into accurate, transparent code, this framework overcomes the modeling labor bottleneck, enabling rapid deployment of expert-level disease forecasting at unprecedented scales.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

Comparing trained and untrained probabilistic ensemble forecasts of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the United States

The U.S. COVID-19 Forecast Hub aggregates forecasts of the short-term burden of COVID-19 in the United States from many contributing teams. We study methods for building an ensemble that combines forecasts from these teams. These experiments have informed the ensemble methods used by the Hub. To be most useful to policy makers, ensemble forecasts must have stable performance in the presence of two key characteristics of the component forecasts: (1) occasional misalignment with the reported data, and (2) instability in the relative performance of component forecasters over time. Our results indicate that in the presence of these challenges, an untrained and robust approach to ensembling using an equally weighted median of all component forecasts is a good choice to support public health decision makers. In settings where some contributing forecasters have a stable record of good performance, trained ensembles that give those forecasters higher weight can also be helpful.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

Comparison of Combination Methods to Create Calibrated Ensemble Forecasts for Seasonal Influenza in the U.S

The characteristics of influenza seasons varies substantially from year to year, posing challenges for public health preparation and response. Influenza forecasting is used to inform seasonal outbreak response, which can in turn potentially reduce the societal impact of an epidemic. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with external researchers, has run an annual prospective influenza forecasting exercise, known as the FluSight challenge. A subset of participating teams has worked together to produce a collaborative multi-model ensemble, the FluSight Network ensemble. Uniting theoretical results from the forecasting literature with domain-specific forecasts from influenza outbreaks, we applied parametric forecast combination methods that simultaneously optimize individual model weights and calibrate the ensemble via a beta transformation. We used the beta-transformed linear pool and the finite beta mixture model to produce ensemble forecasts retrospectively for the 2016/2017 to 2018/2019 influenza seasons in the U.S. We compared their performance to methods currently used in the FluSight challenge, namely the equally weighted linear pool and the linear pool. Ensemble forecasts produced from methods with a beta transformation were shown to outperform those from the equally weighted linear pool and the linear pool for all week-ahead targets across in the test seasons based on average log scores. We observed improvements in overall accuracy despite the beta-transformed linear pool or beta mixture methods' modest under-prediction across all targets and seasons. Combination techniques that explicitly adjust for known calibration issues in linear pooling should be considered to improve ensemble probabilistic scores in outbreak settings.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2020arXiv

Adaptively stacking ensembles for influenza forecasting with incomplete data

Seasonal influenza infects between 10 and 50 million people in the United States every year, overburdening hospitals during weeks of peak incidence. Named by the CDC as an important tool to fight the damaging effects of these epidemics, accurate forecasts of influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) forewarn public health officials about when, and where, seasonal influenza outbreaks will hit hardest. Multi-model ensemble forecasts---weighted combinations of component models---have shown positive results in forecasting. Ensemble forecasts of influenza outbreaks have been static, training on all past ILI data at the beginning of a season, generating a set of optimal weights for each model in the ensemble, and keeping the weights constant. We propose an adaptive ensemble forecast that (i) changes model weights week-by-week throughout the influenza season, (ii) only needs the current influenza season's data to make predictions, and (iii) by introducing a prior distribution, shrinks weights toward the reference equal weighting approach and adjusts for observed ILI percentages that are subject to future revisions. We investigate the prior's ability to impact adaptive ensemble performance and, after finding an optimal prior via a cross-validation approach, compare our adaptive ensemble's performance to equal-weighted and static ensembles. Applied to forecasts of short-term ILI incidence at the regional and national level in the US, our adaptive model outperforms a naive equal-weighted ensemble, and has similar or better performance to the static ensemble, which requires multiple years of training data. Adaptive ensembles are able to quickly train and forecast during epidemics, and provide a practical tool to public health officials looking for forecasts that can conform to unique features of a specific season.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2020arXiv

Aggregating predictions from experts: a scoping review of statistical methods, experiments, and applications

Forecasts support decision making in a variety of applications. Statistical models can produce accurate forecasts given abundant training data, but when data is sparse, rapidly changing, or unavailable, statistical models may not be able to make accurate predictions. Expert judgmental forecasts---models that combine expert-generated predictions into a single forecast---can make predictions when training data is limited by relying on expert intuition to take the place of concrete training data. Researchers have proposed a wide array of algorithms to combine expert predictions into a single forecast, but there is no consensus on an optimal aggregation model. This scoping review surveyed recent literature on aggregating expert-elicited predictions. We gathered common terminology, aggregation methods, and forecasting performance metrics, and offer guidance to strengthen future work that is growing at an accelerated pace.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2017arXiv

Enriching students' conceptual understanding of confidence intervals: An interactive trivia-based classroom activity

Confidence intervals provide a way to determine plausible values for a population parameter. They are omnipresent in research articles involving statistical analyses. Appropriately, a key statistical literacy learning objective is the ability to interpret and understand confidence intervals in a wide range of settings. As instructors, we devote a considerable amount of time and effort to ensure that students master this topic in introductory courses and beyond. Yet, studies continue to find that confidence intervals are commonly misinterpreted and that even experts have trouble calibrating their individual confidence levels. In this article, we present a ten-minute trivia game-based activity that addresses these misconceptions by exposing students to confidence intervals from a personal perspective. We describe how the activity can be integrated into a statistics course as a one-time activity or with repetition at intervals throughout a course, discuss results of using the activity in class, and present possible extensions.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access