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Mohammad Moulaeifard

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2 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

Electroencephalography and Electromyography as a Non-Invasive Biomarker of Neural Regeneration: A Review of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Injury and Regeneration

Regeneration of the nervous system after injury remains an important therapeutic objective, especially in the central nervous system (CNS), in which regeneration is restricted by both neuronal limitations as well as adverse extracellular environments. Conversely, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) displays enhanced regenerative capability in the presence of supportive Schwann cells (SC) and pro-growth stimuli. While the structure and molecular mechanisms are thoroughly understood, functional biomarkers that can non-invasively monitor regeneration in real time are limited. In this review, we discuss the promise of electroencephalography (EEG) as well as electromyography (EMG) as real-time, non-invasive biomarkers to monitor damage to nerves and regeneration in both CNS and PNS contexts. First, we contrast biological and electrophysiological indicators of CNS/PNS injury, showing how EEG signs, including oscillatory power, connectivity, and evoked potential changes, reflect dysfunction due to injury as well as neuroplastic reorganization. Also, EMG provides direct insight into muscle activation and peripheral output, providing useful EEG complementation in neuromuscular pathway integrity and reactivation. In CNS injuries (e.g., stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI)), EEG typically shows global slowing, disrupted interhemispheric coherence, and partial recovery of higher frequencies. For PNS injuries, EEG can capture cortical remapping and return of somatosensory evoked responses with re-establishment of the peripheries' connectivity. EMG, in turn, enables monitoring of reinnervation and restoration of functional motor output. This review presents a dual-system perspective, positioning EEG and EMG not only as diagnostic tools but also as functional biomarkers of neural regeneration, thereby bridging electrophysiology, plasticity, and clinical recovery.

preprint2026arXiv

Uncertainty Reliability Under Domain Shift: An Investigation for Data-Driven Blood Pressure Estimation in Photoplethysmography

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is critical for safety-critical domains like healthcare, yet it is rarely evaluated under realistic out-of-distribution (OOD) conditions. Here, we assessed predictive performance and uncertainty reliability for deep learning-based blood pressure (BP) estimation from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals under both in-distribution (ID) and OOD settings. Using an XResNet1D-50 trained on PulseDB and tested on four external datasets, we compared deep ensembles (DE) and Monte Carlo dropout (MCD) with Gaussian negative log-likelihood (GNLL) and mean squared error (MSE) losses, optionally followed by post-hoc recalibration via conformal prediction (CP), temperature scaling (TS), and isotonic regression (IR). The key findings of our study are as follows: (1) DE provides stronger predictive robustness under domain shift than MCD, an advantage that becomes clear primarily under external shift. (2) Recalibrated GNLL-based methods yield the best uncertainty calibration (e.g., GNLL+DE+CP for systolic blood pressure (SBP), GNLL+DE+TS for diastolic blood pressure (DBP)), while MSE-based uncertainty requires recalibration to become practically useful. (3) Across settings, CP and TS offer the most consistent gains, with IR remaining competitive in several cases. Overall, our results identify DE-based methods as most robust for predictive performance under domain shift, GNLL as strongest for native UQ, and recalibration as essential for making MSE-based uncertainty practical. These findings highlight the need to jointly assess predictive accuracy and calibration on external data for trustworthy cuffless BP estimation