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Researcher profile

Matteo Pennisi

Matteo Pennisi contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

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Artificial IntelligenceComputer VisionMachine Learningeess.IV

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Published work

5 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

OCCAM: Open-set Causal Concept explAnation and Ontology induction for black-box vision Models

Interpreting the decisions of deep image classifiers remains challenging, particularly in black-box settings where model internals are inaccessible. We introduce OCCAM, a framework for open-set causal concept explanation and ontology induction in vision models. OCCAM discovers visual concepts in an open-set manner, localizes them via text-guided segmentation, and performs object-level interventions by removing concepts to measure changes in class confidence, estimating each concept's causal contribution. Beyond local explanations, OCCAM aggregates interventional evidence across a dataset to induce a structured concept ontology that captures how classifiers globally organize visual concepts. Reasoning over this ontology reveals consistent dependencies between concepts, exposes latent causal relations, and uncovers systematic model biases. Experiments on Broden and ImageNet-S across multiple classifiers show that OCCAM improves explanation quality in open-set black-box settings while providing richer global insight than per-image attribution methods.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2026arXiv

PERL: Parameter Efficient Reasoning in CLIP Latent Space

Contrastively trained vision-language models such as CLIP provide strong zero-shot transfer by aligning images and text in a shared embedding space. However, adapting these models to downstream tasks without degrading their open-vocabulary generalization remains challenging. Existing parameter-efficient adaptation methods typically improve task specialization through learned prompts, adapters, or multimodal transformations, where adaptation capacity is primarily expressed through additional trainable parameters. Inspired by recent latent reasoning methods in language models, we investigate a complementary perspective: can adaptation emerge from iterative reasoning on latent representations rather than from increasing parameter count alone? We introduce PERL (Parameter-Efficient Reasoning in CLIP Latent Space), a lightweight adaptation framework that augments a frozen CLIP model with a compact shared reasoning module applied recurrently across refinement steps. At each step, PERL generates a latent reasoning token conditioned on the current representation and injects it into an intermediate encoder layer, progressively refining higher-level semantic representations while preserving CLIP's pretrained multimodal structure. Across 15 benchmarks spanning base-to-novel generalization, cross-dataset transfer, and out-of-distribution ImageNet variants, PERL achieves the best parameter-performance trade-off among the compared methods under a fast-adaptation few-shot setting, combining strong novel-class accuracy and competitive transfer performance with only about 6K trainable parameters, up to 817x fewer than the largest compared approach. Overall, our results suggest that iterative latent reasoning provides a complementary adaptation mechanism to parameter scaling in discriminative vision-language models.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

Effects of Auxiliary Knowledge on Continual Learning

In Continual Learning (CL), a neural network is trained on a stream of data whose distribution changes over time. In this context, the main problem is how to learn new information without forgetting old knowledge (i.e., Catastrophic Forgetting). Most existing CL approaches focus on finding solutions to preserve acquired knowledge, so working on the past of the model. However, we argue that as the model has to continually learn new tasks, it is also important to put focus on the present knowledge that could improve following tasks learning. In this paper we propose a new, simple, CL algorithm that focuses on solving the current task in a way that might facilitate the learning of the next ones. More specifically, our approach combines the main data stream with a secondary, diverse and uncorrelated stream, from which the network can draw auxiliary knowledge. This helps the model from different perspectives, since auxiliary data may contain useful features for the current and the next tasks and incoming task classes can be mapped onto auxiliary classes. Furthermore, the addition of data to the current task is implicitly making the classifier more robust as we are forcing the extraction of more discriminative features. Our method can outperform existing state-of-the-art models on the most common CL Image Classification benchmarks.

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preprint2022arXiv

Transfer without Forgetting

This work investigates the entanglement between Continual Learning (CL) and Transfer Learning (TL). In particular, we shed light on the widespread application of network pretraining, highlighting that it is itself subject to catastrophic forgetting. Unfortunately, this issue leads to the under-exploitation of knowledge transfer during later tasks. On this ground, we propose Transfer without Forgetting (TwF), a hybrid approach building upon a fixed pretrained sibling network, which continuously propagates the knowledge inherent in the source domain through a layer-wise loss term. Our experiments indicate that TwF steadily outperforms other CL methods across a variety of settings, averaging a 4.81% gain in Class-Incremental accuracy over a variety of datasets and different buffer sizes.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2021arXiv

An Explainable AI System for Automated COVID-19 Assessment and Lesion Categorization from CT-scans

COVID-19 infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 pathogen is a catastrophic pandemic outbreak all over the world with exponential increasing of confirmed cases and, unfortunately, deaths. In this work we propose an AI-powered pipeline, based on the deep-learning paradigm, for automated COVID-19 detection and lesion categorization from CT scans. We first propose a new segmentation module aimed at identifying automatically lung parenchyma and lobes. Next, we combined such segmentation network with classification networks for COVID-19 identification and lesion categorization. We compare the obtained classification results with those obtained by three expert radiologists on a dataset consisting of 162 CT scans. Results showed a sensitivity of 90\% and a specificity of 93.5% for COVID-19 detection, outperforming those yielded by the expert radiologists, and an average lesion categorization accuracy of over 84%. Results also show that a significant role is played by prior lung and lobe segmentation that allowed us to enhance performance by over 20 percent points. The interpretation of the trained AI models, moreover, reveals that the most significant areas for supporting the decision on COVID-19 identification are consistent with the lesions clinically associated to the virus, i.e., crazy paving, consolidation and ground glass. This means that the artificial models are able to discriminate a positive patient from a negative one (both controls and patients with interstitial pneumonia tested negative to COVID) by evaluating the presence of those lesions into CT scans. Finally, the AI models are integrated into a user-friendly GUI to support AI explainability for radiologists, which is publicly available at http://perceivelab.com/covid-ai.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access