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Kaixin Xu

Kaixin Xu contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

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Published work

5 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

Joint Architecture-Token-Bitwidth Multi-Axis Optimization of Vision Transformers for Semiconductor IC Packaging

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have achieved strong performance in visual recognition, yet their deployment in resource-constrained industrial environments remains limited. Some main challenges are their high computational cost, memory requirement, and energy consumption. While individual efficiency techniques such as neural architecture search (NAS), token compression, and low-precision inference have been extensively studied, most prior work targets only a single optimization axis, limiting overall deployment gains while preserving accuracy. In this paper, we present one of the first holistic frameworks that jointly optimizes three complementary axes: architecture, token, and bit-width. Specifically, the framework identifies compact backbones via Neural Architecture Search (AutoFormer), reduces information processing via token merging (ToMe), and accelerates per-operation execution via fp16 mixed-precision inference. Starting from a DeiT-B/16 baseline, we first analyze accuracy-efficiency trade-offs on ImageNet-1K under aggressive compression. Then, we apply the selected configurations to a real-world in-house 3D X-ray semiconductor defect classification dataset for IC chip packaging inspection. Results show that the proposed multi-axis framework achieves more than 10 times improvement in throughput along with over 10 times reductions in parameter count, FLOPs, and energy consumption, while maintaining the required accuracy on the downstream industrial task. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the earliest works to jointly optimize architecture, token, and bit-width dimensions in ViTs and the first such resource-efficient, deployment-focused study tailored to semiconductor manufacturing.

preprint2022arXiv

MT-UDA: Towards Unsupervised Cross-modality Medical Image Segmentation with Limited Source Labels

The success of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) benefits from high volumes of annotated data. However, annotating medical images is laborious, expensive, and requires human expertise, which induces the label scarcity problem. Especially when encountering the domain shift, the problem becomes more serious. Although deep unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) can leverage well-established source domain annotations and abundant target domain data to facilitate cross-modality image segmentation and also mitigate the label paucity problem on the target domain, the conventional UDA methods suffer from severe performance degradation when source domain annotations are scarce. In this paper, we explore a challenging UDA setting - limited source domain annotations. We aim to investigate how to efficiently leverage unlabeled data from the source and target domains with limited source annotations for cross-modality image segmentation. To achieve this, we propose a new label-efficient UDA framework, termed MT-UDA, in which the student model trained with limited source labels learns from unlabeled data of both domains by two teacher models respectively in a semi-supervised manner. More specifically, the student model not only distills the intra-domain semantic knowledge by encouraging prediction consistency but also exploits the inter-domain anatomical information by enforcing structural consistency. Consequently, the student model can effectively integrate the underlying knowledge beneath available data resources to mitigate the impact of source label scarcity and yield improved cross-modality segmentation performance. We evaluate our method on MM-WHS 2017 dataset and demonstrate that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by a large margin under the source-label scarcity scenario.

preprint2021arXiv

DSAL: Deeply Supervised Active Learning from Strong and Weak Labelers for Biomedical Image Segmentation

Image segmentation is one of the most essential biomedical image processing problems for different imaging modalities, including microscopy and X-ray in the Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) domain. However, annotating biomedical images is knowledge-driven, time-consuming, and labor-intensive, making it difficult to obtain abundant labels with limited costs. Active learning strategies come into ease the burden of human annotation, which queries only a subset of training data for annotation. Despite receiving attention, most of active learning methods generally still require huge computational costs and utilize unlabeled data inefficiently. They also tend to ignore the intermediate knowledge within networks. In this work, we propose a deep active semi-supervised learning framework, DSAL, combining active learning and semi-supervised learning strategies. In DSAL, a new criterion based on deep supervision mechanism is proposed to select informative samples with high uncertainties and low uncertainties for strong labelers and weak labelers respectively. The internal criterion leverages the disagreement of intermediate features within the deep learning network for active sample selection, which subsequently reduces the computational costs. We use the proposed criteria to select samples for strong and weak labelers to produce oracle labels and pseudo labels simultaneously at each active learning iteration in an ensemble learning manner, which can be examined with IoMT Platform. Extensive experiments on multiple medical image datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over state-of-the-art active learning methods.

preprint2021arXiv

Hierarchical Consistency Regularized Mean Teacher for Semi-supervised 3D Left Atrium Segmentation

Deep learning has achieved promising segmentation performance on 3D left atrium MR images. However, annotations for segmentation tasks are expensive, costly and difficult to obtain. In this paper, we introduce a novel hierarchical consistency regularized mean teacher framework for 3D left atrium segmentation. In each iteration, the student model is optimized by multi-scale deep supervision and hierarchical consistency regularization, concurrently. Extensive experiments have shown that our method achieves competitive performance as compared with full annotation, outperforming other state-of-the-art semi-supervised segmentation methods.

preprint2020arXiv

Multi-Instance Multi-Label Learning for Gene Mutation Prediction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Gene mutation prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is of great diagnostic and prognostic value for personalized treatments and precision medicine. In this paper, we tackle this problem with multi-instance multi-label learning to address the difficulties on label correlations, label representations, etc. Furthermore, an effective oversampling strategy is applied for data imbalance. Experimental results have shown the superiority of the proposed approach.