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Jiri Gesi

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Published work

3 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

Firefly: Illuminating Large-Scale Verified Tool-Call Data Generation from Real APIs

Training tool-calling agents requires large-scale trajectory data with verifiable labels, yet existing approaches either synthesize environments that diverge from real API behavior or generate tasks without ground-truth outcomes for verification. We present FireFly, a pipeline for generating verified tool-call data from real-world MCP servers. Our key insight is to invert the standard synthesis pipeline: rather than generating tasks and hoping they are solvable, we first let a strong LLM explore real APIs along graph-guided DAG structures, then synthesize tasks backward from observed outcomes, guaranteeing label correctness by construction. To handle the scale of real-world tool spaces (${\sim}$1,000 tools), we build a pairwise tool graph and sample sub-DAGs to focus exploration on semantically coherent workflows. To address environment drift in live APIs, we construct a retrieval-augmented simulator that caches all exploration results and replays them during training and evaluation, enabling fully offline and reproducible RL. Applying this pipeline yields 5,144 verified tasks spanning 240 servers and 993 tools. A 4B-parameter model trained with GRPO on FireFly matches Claude Sonnet 4.6 on our held-out test set and shows improvements on multiple tool-calling benchmarks including Tau2-Bench, MCPMark, and MCP-Atlas.

preprint2026arXiv

Latent Action Reparameterization for Efficient Agent Inference

Large language model (LLM) agents often rely on long sequences of low-level textual actions, resulting in large effective decision horizons and high inference cost. While prior work has focused on improving inference efficiency through system-level optimizations or prompt engineering, we argue that a key bottleneck lies in the representation of the action space itself. We propose Latent Action Reparameterization (LAR), a framework that learns a compact latent action space in which each latent action corresponds to a multi-step semantic behavior. By reparameterizing agent actions into latent units, LAR enables decision making over a shorter effective horizon while preserving the expressiveness of the original action space. Unlike hand-crafted macros or hierarchical controllers, latent actions are learned from agent trajectories and integrated directly into the model, allowing both planning and execution to operate over abstract action representations. Across a range of LLM-based agent benchmarks, LAR significantly reduces the effective action horizon and improves inference efficiency under fixed compute budgets. As a consequence, our approach achieves substantial reductions in action tokens and corresponding wall-clock inference time, while maintaining or improving task success rates. These results suggest that action representation learning is a critical and underexplored factor in scaling efficient LLM agent inference, complementary to advances in model architecture and hardware.

preprint2022arXiv

Code Smells in Machine Learning Systems

As Deep learning (DL) systems continuously evolve and grow, assuring their quality becomes an important yet challenging task. Compared to non-DL systems, DL systems have more complex team compositions and heavier data dependency. These inherent characteristics would potentially cause DL systems to be more vulnerable to bugs and, in the long run, to maintenance issues. Code smells are empirically tested as efficient indicators of non-DL systems. Therefore, we took a step forward into identifying code smells, and understanding their impact on maintenance in this comprehensive study. This is the first study on investigating code smells in the context of DL software systems, which helps researchers and practitioners to get a first look at what kind of maintenance modification made and what code smells developers have been dealing with. Our paper has three major contributions. First, we comprehensively investigated the maintenance modifications that have been made by DL developers via studying the evolution of DL systems, and we identified nine frequently occurred maintenance-related modification categories in DL systems. Second, we summarized five code smells in DL systems. Third, we validated the prevalence, and the impact of our newly identified code smells through a mixture of qualitative and quantitative analysis. We found that our newly identified code smells are prevalent and impactful on the maintenance of DL systems from the developer's perspective.