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Erfan Loweimi

Erfan Loweimi contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

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Published work

5 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

Can We Trust LLMs for Mental Health Screening? Consistency, ASR Robustness, and Evidence Faithfulness

LLMs can estimate Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores from speech in a zero-shot manner, but clinical deployment requires reliability across three dimensions: intra-model consistency, ASR robustness, and evidence faithfulness. We evaluate three LLMs (Phi-4, Gemma-2-9B, and Llama-3.1-8B) on 111 English-speaking participants using ground-truth transcripts and three Whisper ASR variants (Large, Medium, Small), with three independent runs per model-condition pair. We find that (i) Phi-4 and Gemma-2-9B achieve excellent intra-model consistency (ICC > 0.89) with minimal degradation under ASR; (ii) Llama-3.1-8B shows ASR-fragile consistency, with ICC dropping from 0.82 to 0.36 at 10% WER; (iii) predictive validity is largely preserved under ASR for robust models; and (iv) keyword groundedness exceeds 93% for Phi-4 and Gemma-2-9B but falls to 77-81% for Llama-3.1-8B. Inter-model keyword agreement is far lower than score-level agreement, revealing a score-evidence dissociation with implications for clinical interpretability.

preprint2026arXiv

Predicting Psychological Well-Being from Spontaneous Speech using LLMs

We investigate the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for zero-shot prediction of Ryff Psychological Well-Being (PWB) scores from spontaneous speech. Using a few minutes of voice recordings from 111 participants in the PsyVoiD database, we evaluated 12 instruction-tuned LLMs, including Llama-3 (8B, 70B), Ministral, Mistral, Gemma-2-9B, Gemma-3 (1B, 4B, 27B), Phi-4, DeepSeek (Qwen and Llama), and QwQ-Preview. A domain-informed prompt was developed in collaboration with experts in clinical psychology and linguistics. Results show that LLMs can extract semantically meaningful cues from spontaneous speech, achieving Spearman correlations of up to 0.8 on 80\% of the data. Additionally, to enhance explainability, we conducted statistical analyses to characterise prediction variability and systematic biases, alongside keyword-based word cloud analyses to highlight the linguistic features driving the models' predictions.

preprint2022arXiv

RCT: Random Consistency Training for Semi-supervised Sound Event Detection

Sound event detection (SED), as a core module of acoustic environmental analysis, suffers from the problem of data deficiency. The integration of semi-supervised learning (SSL) largely mitigates such problem while bringing no extra annotation budget. This paper researches on several core modules of SSL, and introduces a random consistency training (RCT) strategy. First, a self-consistency loss is proposed to fuse with the teacher-student model to stabilize the training. Second, a hard mixup data augmentation is proposed to account for the additive property of sounds. Third, a random augmentation scheme is applied to flexibly combine different types of data augmentations. Experiments show that the proposed strategy outperform other widely-used strategies.

preprint2021arXiv

Train your classifier first: Cascade Neural Networks Training from upper layers to lower layers

Although the lower layers of a deep neural network learn features which are transferable across datasets, these layers are not transferable within the same dataset. That is, in general, freezing the trained feature extractor (the lower layers) and retraining the classifier (the upper layers) on the same dataset leads to worse performance. In this paper, for the first time, we show that the frozen classifier is transferable within the same dataset. We develop a novel top-down training method which can be viewed as an algorithm for searching for high-quality classifiers. We tested this method on automatic speech recognition (ASR) tasks and language modelling tasks. The proposed method consistently improves recurrent neural network ASR models on Wall Street Journal, self-attention ASR models on Switchboard, and AWD-LSTM language models on WikiText-2.

preprint2020arXiv

When Can Self-Attention Be Replaced by Feed Forward Layers?

Recently, self-attention models such as Transformers have given competitive results compared to recurrent neural network systems in speech recognition. The key factor for the outstanding performance of self-attention models is their ability to capture temporal relationships without being limited by the distance between two related events. However, we note that the range of the learned context progressively increases from the lower to upper self-attention layers, whilst acoustic events often happen within short time spans in a left-to-right order. This leads to a question: for speech recognition, is a global view of the entire sequence still important for the upper self-attention layers in the encoder of Transformers? To investigate this, we replace these self-attention layers with feed forward layers. In our speech recognition experiments (Wall Street Journal and Switchboard), we indeed observe an interesting result: replacing the upper self-attention layers in the encoder with feed forward layers leads to no performance drop, and even minor gains. Our experiments offer insights to how self-attention layers process the speech signal, leading to the conclusion that the lower self-attention layers of the encoder encode a sufficiently wide range of inputs, hence learning further contextual information in the upper layers is unnecessary.