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Einar Urdshals

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Published work

3 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

Interpreting Reinforcement Learning Agents with Susceptibilities

Susceptibilities are a technique for neural network interpretability that studies the response of posterior expectation values of observables to perturbations of the loss. We generalize this construction to the setting of the regret in deep reinforcement learning and investigate the utility of susceptibilities in a simple gridworld model that nevertheless exhibits non-trivial stagewise development. We argue that susceptibilities reveal internal features of the development of the model in parameter space that one cannot detect purely by studying the development of the learned policy. We validate these results with activation-steering, and discuss the framework's extension to RLHF post-training.

preprint2022arXiv

Crystal responses to general dark matter-electron interactions

We develop a formalism to describe the scattering of dark matter (DM) particles by electrons bound in crystals for a general form of the underlying DM-electron interaction. Such a description is relevant for direct-detection experiments of DM particles lighter than a nucleon, which might be observed in operating DM experiments via electron excitations in semiconductor crystal detectors. Our formalism is based on an effective theory approach to general non-relativistic DM-electron interactions, including the anapole, and magnetic and electric dipole couplings, combined with crystal response functions defined in terms of electron wave function overlap integrals. Our main finding is that, for the usual simplification of the velocity integral, the rate of DM-induced electronic transitions in a semiconductor material depends on at most five independent crystal response functions, four of which were not known previously. We identify these crystal responses, and evaluate them using density functional theory for crystalline silicon and germanium, which are used in operating DM direct detection experiments. Our calculations allow us to set 90% confidence level limits on the strength of DM-electron interactions from data reported by the SENSEI and EDELWEISS experiments. The novel crystal response functions discovered in this work encode properties of crystalline solids that do not interact with conventional experimental probes, suggesting the use of the DM wind as a probe to reveal new kinds of hidden order in materials.

preprint2020arXiv

On dark atoms, massive dark photons and millicharged sub-components

We present a simple model of two dark matter species with opposite millicharge that can form electrically neutral bound states via the exchange of a massive dark photon. If bound state formation is suppressed at low temperatures, a sub-dominant fraction of millicharged particles remains at late times, which can give rise to interesting features in the 21 cm absorption profile at cosmic dawn. The dominant neutral component, on the other hand, can have dipole interactions with ordinary matter, leading to non-standard signals in direct detection experiments. We identify the parameter regions predicting a percent-level ionisation fraction and study constraints from laboratory searches for dark matter scattering and dark photon decays.