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Christopher Blöcker

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Machine Learning physics.soc-ph Social and Information Networks

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preprint2026arXiv

The Role of Node Features in Graph Pooling

Graph pooling is commonly applied in graph classification, yet its empirical gains over standard WL-1 expressive GNNs are often marginal or inconsistent. We study this gap by analysing the interaction between node features and graph topology and their effect on pooling objectives. Our analysis reveals that pooling operators require node features that are well-aligned with the graph's topology -- a condition often overlooked and not guaranteed in empirical networks. We formalise fundamental requirements for node features to enable effective pooling, and introduce a quantitative measure of feature quality. Our empirical evaluation shows that, when these requirements are satisfied, pooling can be beneficial and improve performance on appropriate datasets.

preprint2022arXiv

Map Equation Centrality: Community-aware Centrality based on the Map Equation

To measure node importance, network scientists employ centrality scores that typically take a microscopic or macroscopic perspective, relying on node features or global network structure. However, traditional centrality measures such as degree centrality, betweenness centrality, or PageRank neglect the community structure found in real-world networks. To study node importance based on network flows from a mesoscopic perspective, we analytically derive a community-aware information-theoretic centrality score based on network flow and the coding principles behind the map equation: map equation centrality. Map equation centrality measures how much further we can compress the network's modular description by not coding for random walker transitions to the respective node, using an adapted coding scheme and determining node importance from a network flow-based point of view. The information-theoretic centrality measure can be determined from a node's local network context alone because changes to the coding scheme only affect other nodes in the same module. Map equation centrality is agnostic to the chosen network flow model and allows researchers to select the model that best reflects the dynamics of the process under study. Applied to synthetic networks, we highlight how our approach enables a more fine-grained differentiation between nodes than node-local or network-global measures. Predicting influential nodes for two different dynamical processes on real-world networks with traditional and other community-aware centrality measures, we find that activating nodes based on map equation centrality scores tends to create the largest cascades in a linear threshold model.