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Researcher profile

Anil Ramakrishna

Anil Ramakrishna contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

ResearcherAffiliation not importedOpen to collaborate
Computation and LanguageMachine LearningArtificial IntelligenceCryptography and Securitycs.CYHuman-Computer Interaction

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Published work

5 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

SWAN: Semantic Watermarking with Abstract Meaning Representation

We introduce SWAN (Semantic Watermarking with Abstract Meaning Representation), a novel framework that embeds watermark signatures into the semantic structure of a sentence using Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). In contrast to existing watermarking methods, which typically encode signatures by adjusting token selection preferences during text generation, SWAN embeds the signature directly in the sentence's semantic representation. As the signature is encoded at the semantic structure level, any paraphrase that preserves meaning automatically preserves the signature. SWAN is training-free: watermark injection is achieved by prompting an LLM to generate sentences guided by a selected AMR template while maintaining contextual coherence, and detection uses an off-the-shelf AMR parser followed by a simple one-proportion z-test. Empirical evaluation on the RealNews benchmark shows SWAN matches state-of-the-art detection performance on unaltered watermarked text, while significantly improving robustness against paraphrasing, increasing detection AUC by up to 13.9 percentage points compared to prior methods. These results demonstrate that SWAN's approach of anchoring watermarks in AMR semantic structures provides a simple, effective, and prompt-based method for robust text provenance verification under paraphrasing, opening new avenues for semantic-level watermarking research.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

Federated Learning with Noisy User Feedback

Machine Learning (ML) systems are getting increasingly popular, and drive more and more applications and services in our daily life. This has led to growing concerns over user privacy, since human interaction data typically needs to be transmitted to the cloud in order to train and improve such systems. Federated learning (FL) has recently emerged as a method for training ML models on edge devices using sensitive user data and is seen as a way to mitigate concerns over data privacy. However, since ML models are most commonly trained with label supervision, we need a way to extract labels on edge to make FL viable. In this work, we propose a strategy for training FL models using positive and negative user feedback. We also design a novel framework to study different noise patterns in user feedback, and explore how well standard noise-robust objectives can help mitigate this noise when training models in a federated setting. We evaluate our proposed training setup through detailed experiments on two text classification datasets and analyze the effects of varying levels of user reliability and feedback noise on model performance. We show that our method improves substantially over a self-training baseline, achieving performance closer to models trained with full supervision.

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preprint2020arXiv

Joint Multi-Dimensional Model for Global and Time-Series Annotations

Crowdsourcing is a popular approach to collect annotations for unlabeled data instances. It involves collecting a large number of annotations from several, often naive untrained annotators for each data instance which are then combined to estimate the ground truth. Further, annotations for constructs such as affect are often multi-dimensional with annotators rating multiple dimensions, such as valence and arousal, for each instance. Most annotation fusion schemes however ignore this aspect and model each dimension separately. In this work we address this by proposing a generative model for multi-dimensional annotation fusion, which models the dimensions jointly leading to more accurate ground truth estimates. The model we propose is applicable to both global and time series annotation fusion problems and treats the ground truth as a latent variable distorted by the annotators. The model parameters are estimated using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm and we evaluate its performance using synthetic data and real emotion corpora as well as on an artificial task with human annotations

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preprint2020arXiv

Sentence level estimation of psycholinguistic norms using joint multidimensional annotations

Psycholinguistic normatives represent various affective and mental constructs using numeric scores and are used in a variety of applications in natural language processing. They are commonly used at the sentence level, the scores of which are estimated by extrapolating word level scores using simple aggregation strategies, which may not always be optimal. In this work, we present a novel approach to estimate the psycholinguistic norms at sentence level. We apply a multidimensional annotation fusion model on annotations at the word level to estimate a parameter which captures relationships between different norms. We then use this parameter at sentence level to estimate the norms. We evaluate our approach by predicting sentence level scores for various normative dimensions and compare with standard word aggregation schemes.

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preprint2019arXiv

A system for the 2019 Sentiment, Emotion and Cognitive State Task of DARPAs LORELEI project

During the course of a Humanitarian Assistance-Disaster Relief (HADR) crisis, that can happen anywhere in the world, real-time information is often posted online by the people in need of help which, in turn, can be used by different stakeholders involved with management of the crisis. Automated processing of such posts can considerably improve the effectiveness of such efforts; for example, understanding the aggregated emotion from affected populations in specific areas may help inform decision-makers on how to best allocate resources for an effective disaster response. However, these efforts may be severely limited by the availability of resources for the local language. The ongoing DARPA project Low Resource Languages for Emergent Incidents (LORELEI) aims to further language processing technologies for low resource languages in the context of such a humanitarian crisis. In this work, we describe our submission for the 2019 Sentiment, Emotion and Cognitive state (SEC) pilot task of the LORELEI project. We describe a collection of sentiment analysis systems included in our submission along with the features extracted. Our fielded systems obtained the best results in both English and Spanish language evaluations of the SEC pilot task.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access