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Anderson R. Avila

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Machine Learning Sound eess.AS

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preprint2026arXiv

Phoneme-Level Deepfake Detection Across Emotional Conditions Using Self-Supervised Embeddings

Recent advances in emotional voice conversion (EVC) have enabled the generation of expressive synthetic speech, raising new concerns in audio deepfake detection. Existing approaches treat speech as a homogeneous signal and largely overlook its internal phonetic structure, limiting their interpretability in emotionally conditioned settings. In this work, we propose a phoneme-level framework to analyze emotionally manipulated synthetic speech using real and EVC-generated speech under matched emotional conditions with shared transcripts, phoneme-aligned TextGrids, and WavLM-based embeddings. Our results show that phoneme behavior varies across categories, with complex vowels and fricatives exhibiting higher divergence while simpler phonemes remain more stable. Phonemes with larger distributional differences are also found to be more easily detected, consistently across multiple emotions and synthesis systems. These findings demonstrate that phoneme-level analysis is an effective and interpretable approach for detecting emotionally manipulated synthetic speech.

preprint2026arXiv

Towards Trustworthy Audio Deepfake Detection: A Systematic Framework for Diagnosing and Mitigating Gender Bias

Audio deepfake detection systems are increasingly deployed in high-stakes security applications, yet their fairness across demographic groups remains critically underexamined. Prior work measures gender disparity but does not investigate where it comes from or how to fix it systematically. We present the first diagnosis-first framework that identifies bias source before applying targeted mitigation, evaluated on two models, AASIST and Wav2Vec2+ResNet18, on ASVSpoof5. Our diagnosis shows that bias does not stem from imbalanced training data but from acoustic representation differences, gender leakage in learned features, and structural evaluation asymmetry. We test mitigation strategies across in-processing, post-processing and combined families, including novel methods introduced in this work. Adjusting the decision threshold separately per gender reduces unfairness by 54% to 75% at no cost to detection accuracy, and our new epoch-level fairness regularisation method outperforms existing per-batch approaches. Adversarial debiasing succeeds only when gender leakage is localised, and fails when it is diffuse, an outcome correctly predicted by our diagnosis before training. No single method fully closes the fairness gap, confirming that bias sources must be identified before fixes are applied and that fairer benchmark design is equally important

preprint2022arXiv

Low-bit Shift Network for End-to-End Spoken Language Understanding

Deep neural networks (DNN) have achieved impressive success in multiple domains. Over the years, the accuracy of these models has increased with the proliferation of deeper and more complex architectures. Thus, state-of-the-art solutions are often computationally expensive, which makes them unfit to be deployed on edge computing platforms. In order to mitigate the high computation, memory, and power requirements of inferring convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we propose the use of power-of-two quantization, which quantizes continuous parameters into low-bit power-of-two values. This reduces computational complexity by removing expensive multiplication operations and with the use of low-bit weights. ResNet is adopted as the building block of our solution and the proposed model is evaluated on a spoken language understanding (SLU) task. Experimental results show improved performance for shift neural network architectures, with our low-bit quantization achieving 98.76 \% on the test set which is comparable performance to its full-precision counterpart and state-of-the-art solutions.

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