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Wannier functions using a discrete variable representation for optical lattices

We propose a numerical method using the discrete variable representation (DVR) for constructing real-valued Wannier functions localized in a unit cell for both symmetric and asymmetric periodic potentials. We apply these results to finding Wannier functions for ultracold atoms trapped in laser-generated optical lattices. Following Kivelson \cite{kivelson_wannier_1982}, for a symmetric lattice with inversion symmetry, we construct Wannier functions as eigen states of the position operators $\hat x$, $\hat y$ and $\hat z$ restricted to single-particle Bloch functions belonging to one or more bands. To ensure that the Wannier functions are real-valued, we numerically obtain the band structure and real-valued eigen states using a uniform Fourier grid DVR. We then show by a comparison of tunneling energies, that the Wannier functions are accurate for both inversion symmetric and asymmetric potentials to better than ten significant digits when using double-precision arithmetic. The calculations are performed for an optical lattice with double-wells per unit cell with tunable asymmetry along the $x$ axis and a single sinusoidal potential along the perpendicular directions. Localized functions at the two potential minima within each unit cell are similarly constructed, but using a superposition of single-particle solutions from the two lowest bands. We finally use these localized basis functions to determine the two-body interaction energies in the Bose-Hubbard (BH) model, and show the dependence of these energies on lattice asymmetry.