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VLT/MUSE view of the highly ionized outflow cones in the nearby starburst ESO338-IG04

The Ly$α$ line is an important diagnostic for star formation at high redshift, but interpreting its flux and line profile is difficult because of the resonance nature of Ly$α$. Trends between the escape of Ly$α$ photons and dust and properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) have been found, but detailed comparisons between Ly$α$ emission and the properties of the gas in local high-redshift analogs are vital for understanding the relation between Ly$α$ emission and galaxy properties. For the first time, we can directly infer the properties of the ionized gas at the same location and similar spatial scales of the extended Ly$α$ halo around ESO 338-IG04. We obtained VLT/MUSE integral field spectra. We used ionization parameter mapping of the [SII]/[OIII] line ratio and the kinematics of H$α$ to study the ionization state and kinematics of the ISM of ESO338-IG04. The velocity map reveals two outflows. The entire central area of the galaxy is highly ionized by photons leaking from the HII regions around the youngest star clusters. Three highly ionized cones have been identified, of which one is associated with an outflow. We propose a scenario where the outflows are created by mechanical feedback of the older clusters, while the highly ionized gas is caused by the hard ionizing photons emitted by the youngest clusters. A comparison with the Ly$α$ map shows that the (approximately bipolar) asymmetries observed in the Ly$α$ emission are consistent with the base of the outflows detected in H$α$. No clear correlation with the ionization cones is found. The mechanical and ionization feedback of star clusters significantly changes the state of the ISM by creating ionized cones and outflows. The comparison with Ly$α$ suggests that especially the outflows could facilitate the escape of Ly$α$ photons [Abridged].