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Vacuum radiation from massive scalar field

The vacuum radiation of a massive scalar field is studied by means of a single moving mirror. The field equation with an arbitrary-shaped mirror moving in $(d+1)$ dimensions is given perturbatively in the non-relativistic limit. Explicit results are obtained for a flat mirror moving in $(1+1)$ dimensions and $(3+1)$ dimensions. The vacuum radiation power and vacuum friction force on the mirror are given in $(1+1)$ dimensions. The intrinsic mass of the field is found to suppress the vacuum radiation. In $(3+1)$ dimensions, the modification of the frequency spectra and angular spectra of emitted particles due to the intrinsic mass are obtained. In the limit of $m\to 0$, we recover the results of the massless field.