Paper detail

Upward Overshooting in Turbulent Compressible Convection. III. Calibrate Parameters for One-dimensional Reynolds Stress Model

In this paper, we calibrate the coefficients for the one-dimensional Reynolds stress model with the data generated from the three-dimensional numerical simulations of upward overshooting in turbulent compressible convection. It has been found that the calibrated convective and isotropic coefficients are almost the same as those calibrated in the pure convection zone. However, the calibrated diffusive coefficients differ significantly from those calibrated in the pure convection zone. We suspect that the diffusive effect induced by the boundary is stronger than by the adjacent stable zone. We have checked the validity of the downgradient approximation. We find that the prediction of the downgradient approximation on the third-order moments is unsatisfactory. However, the prediction on their derivatives is much better. It explains why the performance of the Reynolds stress model is reasonable in application to the real stars. With the calibrated coefficients, we have solved the full set of nonlocal turbulent equations on Reynolds stress model. We find that the Reynolds stress model has successfully produced the thermal adjustment layer and turbulent dissipation layer, which were identified in the three-dimensional numerical simulations. We suggest to use the inflection point of the auto-correlation of temperature perturbation and the Péclet number as the indicators on measuring the extents of the thermal adjustment layer and turbulent dissipation layer, respectively. This result may offer a practical guidance on the application of the Reynolds stress model in 1D stellar structure and evolution models.