Universal Refocusing of Systematic Quantum Noise

Refocusing of a quantum system in NMR and quantum information processing can be achieved by application of short pulses according to the methods of spin echo and dynamical decoupling. However, these methods are strongly limited by the requirement that the evolution of the system between pulses be suitably small. Here we show how refocusing may be achieved for arbitrary (but time-independent) evolution of the system between pulses. We first illustrate the procedure with one-qubit systems, and then generalize to $d$-dimensional quantum systems. We also give an application of this result to quantum computation, proving a new version of the Solovay-Kitaev theorem that does not require inverse gates.

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