Ultrastrong time-dependent light-matter interactions are gauge-relative

Time-dependent light-matter interactions are a widespread means by which to describe controllable experimental operations. They can be viewed as an approximation in which a third system - the control system - is treated as external within the Hamiltonian. We demonstrate that this results in non-equivalence between gauges. We provide a physical example in which each different non-equivalent model coincides with a gauge-invariant description applied in a different experimental situation. The qualitative final-time predictions obtained from these models, including entanglement and photon number, depend on the gauge within which the time-dependent coupling assumption is made. This occurs whenever the interaction switching is sufficiently strong and non-adiabatic even if the coupling vanishes at the preparation and measurement stages of the protocol, at which times the subsystems are unique and experimentally addressable.

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