Ultrastrong Coupling of a Qubit with a Nonlinear Optical Resonator

We study the interaction of a two-level atom with a single-mode nonlinear electromagnetic resonator, considering coupling strengths ranging from zero to the so-called deep strong coupling regime. When the qubit-resonator coupling is very strong, the standard Kerr model for the resonator becomes questionable. Moreover, recently, it has been shown that extra care is needed when constructing gauge-independent theories in the presence of approximations as the truncation of the Hilbert space of the matter system. Such a truncation can ruin gauge invariance leading to non-physical results, especially when the light-matter interactions strength is very high. Here we face and solve this issues to provide a consistent nonlinear-resonator quantum Rabi model satisfying the gauge principle.

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