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Ultra-stable 2D/3D hybrid perovskite photovoltaic module

Hybrid perovskite solar cells, with their power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 22%, have been representing a revolutionary concept for future energy power generation. Although listed among the Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2016, device longevity is the actual bottleneck for their real uptake in the market. Here we design an ultra-stable molecular junction of two/three dimensional (2D/3D) perovskites. It consists of a 2D (HOOC(CH2)2NH3)2PbI4, anchored at the oxide substrate, that templates the growth of a highly ordered 3D CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite stabilizing in the orthorhombic phase, even at room temperature. The unique and exceptional 2D/3D structure yields 14.6% PCE in solar cells with Spiro-OMeTAD and Au, and 12.9% PCE in hole-conductor free architecture. Aiming at the up-scaling of this technology, we realize 10x10 cm2 large-area photovoltaic modules by a low-cost, fully printable, industrial-scale process delivering 11.2% PCE. We demonstrate a record stability in the PCE of 5,000 hours, setting the direction for the new generation of carbon free energy.