Paper detail

Toll number of the Cartesian and the lexicographic product of graphs

Toll convexity is a variation of the so-called interval convexity. A tolled walk $T$ between $u$ and $v$ in $G$ is a walk of the form $T: u,w_1,\ldots,w_k,v,$ where $k\ge 1$, in which $w_1$ is the only neighbor of $u$ in $T$ and $w_k$ is the only neighbor of $v$ in $T$. As in geodesic or monophonic convexity, toll interval between $u,v\in V(G)$ is a set $T_G(u,v)=\{x\in V(G)\,:\,x \textrm{ lies on a tolled walk between } u \textrm{ and } v\}$. A set of vertices $S$ is toll convex, if $T_{G}(u,v)\subseteq S$ for all $u,v\in S$. First part of the paper reinvestigates the characterization of convex sets in the Cartesian product of graphs. Toll number and toll hull number of the Cartesian product of two arbitrary graphs is proven to be 2. The second part deals with the lexicographic product of graphs. It is shown that if $H$ is not isomorphic to a complete graph, $tn(G \circ H) \leq 3\cdot tn(G)$. We give some necessary and sufficient conditions for $tn(G \circ H) = 3\cdot tn(G)$. Moreover, if $G$ has at least two extreme vertices, a complete characterization is given. Also graphs with $tn(G \circ H)=2$ are characterized - this is the case iff $G$ has an universal vertex and $tn(H)=2$. Finally, the formula for $tn(G \circ H)$ is given - it is described in terms of the so-called toll-dominating triples.