TiO$_2$ nanotubes with different spacing, Fe$_2$O$_3$ decoration and their evaluation for Li-ion battery application

In present work, we report on the use of organized TiO$_2$ nanotube layers with a regular intertube spacing for the growth of highly defined $α$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ nano-needles in the interspace. These $α$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ decorated TiO$_2$ NTs are then explored for Li-ion battery applications and compared to classic close-packed NTs that are both decorated with various amounts of nanoscale $α$-Fe$_2$O$_3$. We show that nanotubes with tube-to-tube spacing allow a uniform decoration of individual nanotubes with regular arrangements of hematite nano-needles. The tube spacing also facilitates the electrolyte penetration as well as yields better ion diffusion. While bare close-packed NTs show higher capacitance, e.g., 71 $μ$Ah cm-2 than bare spaced NTs with e.g., 54 $μ$Ah cm-2, the hierarchical decoration with secondary metal oxide, $α$-Fe$_2$O$_3$, remarkably enhances the Li-ion battery performance. Namely, spaced nanotubes with $α$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ decoration have an areal capacitance of 477 $μ$Ah cm-2, i.e., show up to nearly ~8 times higher capacitance. However, the areal capacitance of close-packed NTs with $α$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ decoration saturates at 208 $μ$Ah cm-2, i.e., is limited to ~3 times increase.

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