Paper detail

Time-encoded pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling: increasing SNR in ASL angiography

Purpose: Dynamic angiography using arterial spin labeling (ASL) can provide detailed hemodynamic information. However, the long time-resolved readouts require small flip angles to preserve ASL signal for later timepoints, limiting SNR. By using time-encoded ASL to generate temporal information, the readout can be shortened. Here, the improvements in SNR from using larger flip angles, made possible by the shorter readout, are quantitatively investigated. Methods: The SNR of a conventional (sequential) protocol with 9 readouts and a 4-by-3 time-encoded protocol with 3 readouts (giving 9 matched timepoints) were directly compared using simulations and in vivo data. Both protocols were compared using readouts with constant (CFA) and variable flip angles (VFA), where the VFA scheme was designed to produce a consistent ASL signal across readouts. Optimization of the background suppression to minimize physiological noise across readouts was also explored. Results: The time-encoded protocol increased in vivo SNR by 103% and 96% when using CFAs or VFAs, respectively. Use of VFAs improved SNR compared to CFAs by 25% and 21% for the sequential and time-encoded protocols, respectively. The VFA scheme also removed signal discontinuities in the time-encoded data. Preliminary data suggest optimizing the background suppression could improve in vivo SNR by a further 16%. Conclusion: Time-encoding can be used to generate additional temporal information in ASL angiography. This enables the use of larger flip angles which can double the SNR compared to a non-time-encoded protocol. The shortened time-encoded readout can also lead to improved background suppression, reducing physiological noise and further improving SNR.