Paper detail

The structure of cosmic strings of a $U(1)$ gauge field for the conservation of $B-L$

We consider an extension of the Standard Model, where the difference between the baryon number $B$ and the lepton number $L$ is gauged with an Abelian gauge field, in order to explain the exact conservation of $B-L$. To avoid a gauge anomaly, we add a right-handed neutrino $ν_{\rm R}$ to each fermion generation. Here it is not sterile, so the usual Majorana term is excluded by gauge invariance. We provide a mass term for $ν_{\rm R}$ by adding a non-standard 1-component Higgs field, thus arriving at a consistent extension of the Standard Model, where the conservation of $B-L$ is natural, with a modest number of additional fields. We study the possible formation of cosmic strings by solving the coupled field equations of the two Higgs fields and the non-standard U(1) gauge field. Numerical methods provide the corresponding string profiles, depending on the Higgs winding numbers, such that the appropriate boundary conditions in the string center and far from it are fulfilled.