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The Statistical Foundation of Entropy in Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics

In the theory of extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT), the flux-dependent entropy function plays a key role and has a fundamental distinction from the usual flux-independent entropy function adopted by classical irreversible thermodynamics (CIT). However, its existence, as a prerequisite for EIT, and its statistical origin have never been justified. In this work, by studying the macroscopic limit of an ε-dependent Langevin dynamics, which admits a large deviations (LD) principle, we show that the stationary LD rate functions of probability density p_ε(x; t) and joint probability density p_ε(x; \dot{x}; t) actually turn out to be the desired fluxindependent entropy function in CIT and flux-dependent entropy function in EIT respectively. The difference of the two entropy functions is determined by the time resolution for Brownian motions times a Lagrangian, the latter arises from the LD Hamilton-Jacobi equation and can be used for constructing conserved Lagrangian/Hamiltonian dynamics.