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The SLoWPoKES Catalog of Low-mass Ultra-wide Binaries: A Cool Stars Resource for Testing Fundamental Properties and for Constraining Binary Formation Theory

We present results from the Sloan Low-mass Wide Pairs of Kinematically Equivalent Stars (SLoWPoKES) catalog of ultra-wide (10^3-10^5.5 AU), low-mass (K5-M7) common proper motion binaries. We constructed a Galactic model, based on empirical stellar number density and 3D velocity distributions, to select bona fide pairs with probability of chance alignment <5%, making SLoWPoKES an efficient sample for followup observations. Our initial catalog contains 1342 disk dwarf, subdwarf, and white dwarf-red dwarf systems and is the largest collection of low-mass, wide binaries ever assembled. The diversity---in mass, metallicity, age, and evolutionary states---of SLoWPoKES pairs makes it a valuable resource of coeval laboratories to examine and constrain the physical properties of low-mass stars. SLoWPoKES pairs show signatures of two (or more) formation modes in the distribution of the physical separation and higher-order multiplicity. Neither dynamical dissipation of primordial triples/quadruples or dynamical capture of ejected stars can explain the observed populations by itself. We use followup spectroscopic observations to recalibrate the metallicity-sensitive ζ_(TiO/CaH) index by assuming that both members of the binary system have the same composition. Our new formulation is a significantly better tracer of absolute metallicity, particularly for the early-type M dwarfs. The SLoWPoKES catalog is publicly available on a custom data visualization portal.