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The Log-Volume of Optimal Codes for Memoryless Channels, Asymptotically Within A Few Nats

Shannon's analysis of the fundamental capacity limits for memoryless communication channels has been refined over time. In this paper, the maximum volume $M_\avg^*(n,ε)$ of length-$n$ codes subject to an average decoding error probability $ε$ is shown to satisfy the following tight asymptotic lower and upper bounds as $n \to \infty$: \[ \underline{A}_ε+ o(1) \le \log M_\avg^*(n,ε) - [nC - \sqrt{nV_ε} \,Q^{-1}(ε) + \frac{1}{2} \log n] \le \overline{A}_ε+ o(1) \] where $C$ is the Shannon capacity, $V_ε$ the $ε$-channel dispersion, or second-order coding rate, $Q$ the tail probability of the normal distribution, and the constants $\underline{A}_ε$ and $\overline{A}_ε$ are explicitly identified. This expression holds under mild regularity assumptions on the channel, including nonsingularity. The gap $\overline{A}_ε- \underline{A}_ε$ is one nat for weakly symmetric channels in the Cover-Thomas sense, and typically a few nats for other symmetric channels, for the binary symmetric channel, and for the $Z$ channel. The derivation is based on strong large-deviations analysis and refined central limit asymptotics. A random coding scheme that achieves the lower bound is presented. The codewords are drawn from a capacity-achieving input distribution modified by an $O(1/\sqrt{n})$ correction term.