Paper detail

The continuum intensity as a function of magnetic field I. Active region and quiet Sun magnetic elements

Small-scale magnetic fields are major contributors to the solar irradiance variations. Hence, the continuum intensity contrast of magnetic elements in the quiet Sun (QS) network and in active region (AR) plage is an essential quantity that needs to be measured reliably. By using Hinode/SP disk center data at a constant, high spatial resolution, we aim at updating results of earlier ground-based studies of contrast vs. magnetogram signal, and to look for systematic differences between AR plages and QS network. The field strength, filling factor and inclination of the field was retrieved by Milne-Eddington inversion (VFISV). As in earlier studies, we performed a pixel-by-pixel study of 630.2 nm continuum contrast vs. apparent (i.e. averaged over a pixel) longitudinal magnetic field over large fields of view in ARs and in the QS. The contrast of magnetic elements reaches larger values in the QS (on average 3.7%) than in ARs (1.3%). This could not be attributed to any systematic difference in the chosen contrast references. At Hinode's spatial resolution, the relationship between contrast and apparent longitudinal field strength exhibits a peak at around 700 G in both the QS and ARs, whereas earlier lower resolution studies only found a peak in the QS and a monotonous decrease in ARs. We attribute this discrepancy both to our careful removal of the pores and their close surroundings affected by the telescope diffraction, as well as to the enhanced spatial resolution and very low scattered light of the Hinode Solar Optical Telescope. According to our inversions, the magnetic elements producing the peak of the contrast curves have similar properties (field strength, inclination, filling factor) in ARs and in the QS, so that the larger brightness of magnetic elements in the QS remains unexplained.