Tetrahedral Coxeter groups, large group-actions on 3-manifolds and equivariant Heegaard splittings

We consider finite group-actions on closed, orientable and nonorientable 3-manifolds M which preserve the two handlebodies of a Heegaard splitting of M of some genus g > 1 (maybe interchanging the two handlebodies). The maximal possible order of a finite group-action on a handlebody of genus g>1 is 12(g-1) in the orientation-preserving case and 24(g-1) in general, and the maximal order of a finite group preserving the Heegaard surface of a Heegaard splitting of genus g is 48(g-1). This defines a hierarchy for finite group-actions on 3-manifolds which we discuss in the present paper; we present various manifolds with an action of type 48(g-1) for small values of g, and in particular the unique hyperbolic 3-manifold with such an action of smallest possible genus g = 6 (in strong analogy with the Euclidean case of the 3-torus which has such actions for g = 3).

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