Takens' embedding theorem with a continuous observable

preprint2016arXivOpen access

Abstract

Let (X,T)(X,T) be a dynamical system where XX is a compact metric space and T:X→XT:X\rightarrow X is continuous and invertible. Assume the Lebesgue covering dimension of XX is dd. We show that for a generic continuous map h:X→[0,1]h:X\rightarrow[0,1], the (2d+1)(2d+1)-delay observation map x↦(h(x),h(Tx),…,h(T2dx))x\mapsto\big(h(x),h(Tx),\ldots,h(T^{2d}x)\big) is an embedding of XX inside [0,1]2d+1[0,1]^{2d+1}. This is a generalization of the discrete version of the celebrated Takens embedding theorem, as proven by Sauer, Yorke and Casdagli to the setting of a continuous observable. In particular there is no assumption on the (lower) box-counting dimension of XX which may be infinite.

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