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Superconductor to Insulator Transition Tuned by Random Gauge Fields

Typically the disorder that alters the interference of particle waves to produce Anderson localization is potential scattering from randomly placed impurities. Here we show that disorder in the form of random gauge fields that act directly on particle phases can also drive localization. We present evidence of a superfluid bose glass to insulator transition at a critical level of this gauge field disorder in a nano-patterned array of amorphous Bi islands. This transition shows signs of metallic transport near the critical point characterized by a resistance of order 0.5 h/4e^2 , indicative of a quantum phase transition. The critical disorder also depends on interisland coupling in agreement with recent Quantum Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, these experiments are uniquely connected to theory because they employ a method for controlling a disorder parameter that coincides directly with a term that appears in model Hamiltonians. This correspondence will enable further high fidelity comparisons between theoretical and experimental studies of disorder effects on quantum critical systems.